This 3-day training will equip you with a toolbox of indispensable techniques and methods for diving into the world of hacking apps on Apple's mobile devices. While covering all basics to get beginner reverse-engineers started, intermediate and even advanced attendees are provided with appropriately challenging content and exercises.
After getting started with static reverse engineering and dynamic testing iOS apps using Ghidra and Frida, we’ll pivot to challenges posed by programs written in Objective-C and Swift, which use asynchronous programming using Grand Central Dispatch and Cross-Process Communication (XPC). We’ll be using Frida to trace control flow, find interesting code paths, manipulate data, and finally collect code coverage – everything you’ll need to get started writing custom fuzzers for vulnerability discovery. Going deeper into the internals of iOS, the user-space analysis will be followed up by a dive into the XNU kernel. Starting with a broad overview of the interactions between user- and kernel-space, we’ll be taking a closer look at IOKit, the common API used by iOS apps and daemons to communicate with drivers. This is followed up with a look into RTKit-based firmware and an overview of the network of Co-Processors in an iPhone.
The training will include hands-on exercises on virtual or physical iOS devices. Advanced iOS app internals are conveyed by breaking them down into small, easily comprehensible chunks and exercises building up on each other to form a general understanding of iOS concepts. Students will be guided through using free and open-source reverse-engineering software and frameworks (such as Ghidra and Frida) to understand the internals and perform security testing of closed-source apps and daemons. Students will be provided with slides, exercises, solutions including custom tooling, and cheat sheets to follow along the training.
Trainers
Jiska Classen is a wireless and mobile security researcher, leading a research group at Hasso Plattner Institute. The intersection of her research topics means that she digs into iOS internals, reverse engineers wireless firmware, and analyzes proprietary protocols. Her practical work on public Bluetooth security analysis tooling uncovered remote code execution and cryptographic flaws in billions of mobile devices. She also likes to work on obscure and upcoming wireless technologies, for example, she recently uncovered vulnerabilities in Ultra-wideband distance measurement, reverse-engineered Apple's AirTag communication protocol, and published about Apple’s satellite communication implementation. She has previously spoken at Black Hat USA, DEF CON, RECon, Hardwear.io, Chaos Communication Congress, Chaos Communication Camp, Gulasch Programmer Nacht, MRMCDs, Easterhegg, Troopers, Pass the Salt, NotPinkCon, gave various lectures and training, and published at prestigious academic venues. Jiska Classen gave iOS and Android security at TROOPERS, Nullcon, and Objective by the Sea, and has teaching experience from creating own lectures and labs as a postdoctoral researcher at TU Darmstadt.
Alexander Heinrich is PhD candidate and security researcher. His research focuses on proprietary Apple protocols such as Find My, UWB, and Satellite communications. By analyzing them, he not only uncovers new security and privacy issues, but also creates free open source tools to interact with them, such as OpenHaystack and AirGuard.
Venue
This training will take place December 2-4, 2024 on-site at Objective By The Sea v7.0 (OBTS) located at the Hyatt Regency, Maui. Discounted room rates are available through the OBTS website.
Booking
A limited number of seats is availabe at a price of USD 2999 (plus taxes, which are 4.712% GET). Please pre-register through our booking form to request a seat. We will reach out to you individually to confirm your booking with an invoice.
In addition to the training, attendees must separately purchase a ticket for the OBTS conference. While the conference is already sold out, there are reserved tickets for training attendees.
Cancellation Policy
Students can cancel their booking at a full refund (minus transaction and processing fees) up to 1 month before the training. Later cancellations cannot be refunded, but we will work with you to find the best outcome for all sides where possible.
We reserve the right to cancel individual registrations in duly justified cases at a full refund of the training costs. Conference attendance is not affected by this. The OBTS Code of Conduct applies to all attendees. In cases where attendees are removed from the training due to Code of Conduct violations, no refunds can be offered.
Prerequisites
This training is aimed at beginner to intermediate students.
Required Background
Students will need to feel comfortable using a Linux/macOS command-line. While familiarity with JavaScript and Python are helpful, understanding of common scripting language concepts is sufficient to follow the course and complete exercises, as we will be referring to examples and documentation and providing guidance where required.
Technical Setup
Students will need to have access either to a physical jailbroken iPhone (iPhone 6 or higher, iOS 12 or higher) or access to a Corellium virtual iOS device for the duration of the training.
We will be providing a (x86_64) virtual machine image with all required tooling. Students will need to use a laptop capable of running a virtual machine with internet connectivity, USB pass-through (when using a physical device) at 16GiB of RAM and 40GB of free disk space. All required tools can be installed on macOS natively for students who can only use an Apple M1/M2 laptop.
Outline
The following outline is intended to give an overview over what will expect you in the training. Minor adaptations can be made during the training to adjust to trainee questions, interests and progress, and therefore does not represnt a guaranteed schedule. Training contents are up to date with the latest iOS version, including recent changes in iOS 18.
Day 1 - iOS App Fundamentals
Learning objectives:
At the end of Day 1, students will have the understanding and means to perform basic static and dynamic reverse-engineering of iOS apps to identify and trace the execution of interesting functions, and write scripts to exercise the corresponding code-paths.
Topic overview:
- Apple’s public documentation and source code.
- Attack surface and threat modeling: How to approach an App from a security point of view.
- The Apple App Store security model: Code signing, App Review, Entitlements, the iOS sandbox, and TCC.
- The internal structure of an iOS application: metadata and resources in Application Bundles, third-party frameworks, AppExtensions, and Mach-O internals, FairPlay DRM & decrypting iOS Apps, introduction to the DYLD Shared Cache.
- Static analysis: Introduction to Ghidra, navigating through larger binaries, Objective-C and Swift calling conventions and name mangling.
- Dynamic Analysis with Frida: initial approaches using frida-trace, combining static and dynamic analysis, writing stand-alone Frida scripts, hooking functions.
Day 2 - iOS User-Space Internal: Fuzzing, GCD, XPC
Learning objectives:
At the end of Day 2, students will be able to write basic fuzzers to find bugs, read the crash logs, and understand how to identify the underlying vulnerabilities. Students will furthermore understand asynchronous and multi-threaded programming on iOS and be able to follow execution both statically and dynamically. By applying their understanding of the iOS sandbox from Day 1 to XPC, students will be able to assess the security impact of communication between Apps, AppExtensions, and iOS daemons.
Topic overview:
- Introduction to Fuzzing: corpus and input mutation, harnessing using Frida, in-place harnessing, coverage-guidance collecting coverage using Frida Stalker.
- Reading and interpreting crash logs.
- Outlook to more advanced fuzzing techniques: sanitizers, persistent fuzzing, snapshot fuzzing, CmpCov & CmpLog, testcase & corpus minimization.
- Asynchronous programming: Grand Central Dispatch (GCD), threading, Static analysis of asynchronous programming patterns: reverse-engineering blocks in Objective-C and Swift.
- Apps & daemons: XPC, entitlements and access-control, tracing XPC messages.
Day 3 - Below User-Space: Kernel & Firmware
Learning Objectives:
At the end of Day 3, through their understanding of mach messages, syscalls, and IOKit calls, students will be able to follow how user-space applications interact with the iOS kernel through syscalls and IOKit. Furthermore, students will be able to get started reverse engineering custom firmware implementations using Apple’s RTKit RTOS. As an outlook, students are able to put the concepts of the complete three-day course in the context of current public security research.
Topic Overview:
- iOS kernel overview: main components, drivers, and open-source.
- Where user space meets kernel space: IOKit drivers and syscalls.
- Understanding internals of IOKit drivers: driver structure, naming functions being called in the kernel, understanding and reverse engineering of IOKit message contents
- Mach Messages everywhere – a look at what interactions are implemented via Mach Messages and how.
- iOS kernel security: KTRR, SPTM, TXM, etc.
- Beyond the AP – The Co-Processors in an iPhone
- RTKit firmware – Apple’s internal firmware formats (Mach-O, ftab), main RTKitOS components.
- Discussion of real-world applicability of learnt techniques using recent public research.